In vitro experiments with rat cardiac muscle cells also led to hypertrophic remodeling and increased levels of inflammatory markers. They found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and not the NL63 protein, led to heart dysfunction, hypertrophic remodeling- or in other words, cellular enlargement-and cardiac inflammation. To understand more about how activation of TLR4 signaling may affect the heart, the researchers cloned the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the NL63 spike protein, and delivered them to mice via an adeno-associated viral vector. They found that while SARS-CoV-2 activated the TLR4 signaling pathway - a major part of the natural immune response - while HCov-NL63 did not. To test their hypothesis, they compared the ability of both viruses to cause cardiac injury. In the present study, the researchers hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 may damage the heart via immune responses that are independent of ACE2. Activation of the body’s immune response is essential for fighting against virus infection however, this may also impair heart muscle cell function and even lead to cell death and heart failure,” explained Dr. “Host natural immunity is the first line of defense against pathogen invasion, and heart muscle cells have their own natural immune machinery. While it causes moderate respiratory symptoms, it does not lead to cardiac injury. HCoV-NL63 is also a coronavirus that enters cells by attaching to ACE2 receptors. The spike protein works by latching onto receptors known as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on healthy cells, so it may then enter them. SARS-CoV-2 enters healthy cells via its spike protein, located on its surface. The researchers presented their findings at the American Heart Association’s Basic Cardiovascular Sciences Scientific Sessions 2022. That’s why it’s important to get vaccinated and prevent this disease,” he added. “Our data show that the spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 causes heart muscle damage. Zhiqiang Lin, lead author of the study and an assistant professor at the Masonic Medical Research Institute in Utica, New York. What we suspect is that the spike protein has unknown pathological roles,” said Dr. “It’s already known from the clinical side that COVID-19 infection can induce heart injury, however, what we don’t know is the mechanistic details of how this occurs. Recently, researchers conducted a series of experiments that suggested SARS-CoV-2’s spike protein can lead to heart muscle injury through an inflammatory process. Knowing more about how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart could help develop new treatments to protect cardiac health. Other research shows that individuals who have contracted COVID-19- even if they were not hospitalized- are at an increased risk of cardiovascular conditions. Because of the profound implications of information/ misinformation sharing through these platforms, the situation has come to a point wherein experts cannot weigh their opinion on such a crucial topic.Studies show that up to 62% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 experience cardiac injury. More so, in a space where public expression is meant to be the key. The incident, however, highlights how the lack of accurate information around several theories is blurring the line between facts and misinformation. Twitter marking it as misinformation is hence, not a completely baseless move. Note that Luigi's tweet claimed that people vaccinated with mRNA-based vaccines shed spike proteins, an idea that has repeatedly been rejected by scientists from around the world. Though that still means that he will be locked out of his Twitter account until Twitter reviews the appeal. Luigi could appeal for the said violation being a mistake, and he did. Though it was not specified which rules were violated by the tweet, it is likely that the content was marked for misinformation. A report on the tweet left Luigi with only an option of deleting it for violating Twitter Rules. The appeal was to contest Twitter's decision to block the content from public view.
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